{
  "name": "Deed Witness Requirements by US State (as of 2026)",
  "publisher": "SealForms",
  "url": "https://sealforms.com/us/deed-witness-requirements/",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "SealForms — https://sealforms.com/us/deed-witness-requirements/ (CC BY 4.0)",
  "asOf": "2026",
  "dateModified": "2026-08-12",
  "columns": [
    "state",
    "rule",
    "value",
    "cite",
    "sourceUrl",
    "asOf",
    "note"
  ],
  "columnNotes": {
    "state": "US state or the District of Columbia.",
    "rule": "Which rule the row reports (described under \"rules\").",
    "value": "The rule as the study publishes it.",
    "cite": "The statute (or official rule) the value comes from — this is the authority.",
    "sourceUrl": "A link to read it. Not always the official site: some rows link a secondary copy or summary of the statute in \"cite\".",
    "asOf": "As-of year (or month) of the whole dataset, not a per-row verification date.",
    "note": "Qualifications the study page also shows."
  },
  "rules": {
    "deed_witnesses_besides_notary": "Subscribing witnesses required by statute for a deed to be validly executed or recorded, besides notarization."
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "state": "Alabama",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Ala. Code § 35-4-20",
      "sourceUrl": "https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-35/chapter-4/article-2/section-35-4-20",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Ala. Code § 35-4-20 — statute requires attestation by 1 witness (2 if grantor signs by mark or another signs for him), but a notarial acknowledgment is held to satisfy the attestation requirement, so a notarized deed needs 0 additional witnesses"
    },
    {
      "state": "Alaska",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "AS 34.15.150 (execution); AS 34.15.040 (quitclaim)",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-34-property/ak-st-sect-34-15-150.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "AS 34.15.150 — conveyance must be signed and acknowledged; no witness requirement (subsection (b) validates pre-1953 deeds executed without the then-required two witnesses)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Arizona",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "A.R.S. § 33-401",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/33/00401.htm",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "A.R.S. § 33-401 — deed must be in writing, signed by the grantor and duly acknowledged; no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Arkansas",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. § 18-12-104",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/ar/title-18-property/ar-code-sect-18-12-104.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Ark. Code Ann. § 18-12-104 — literally calls for execution before two disinterested witnesses or grantor acknowledgment before two subscribing witnesses, but the recording statutes (§ 16-47-101, § 14-15-404) accept acknowledgment before an officer OR proof by witnesses, and universal practice/case law treat a notarized deed without lay witnesses as valid and recordable — so 0 witnesses for a notarized deed"
    },
    {
      "state": "California",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Cal. Civ. Code § 1091",
      "sourceUrl": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CIV&sectionNum=1091",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Cal. Civ. Code § 1091 — transfer by instrument in writing 'subscribed by the party disposing of the same' (or authorized agent); no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Colorado",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "C.R.S. § 38-30-113",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/co/title-38-property-real-and-personal/co-rev-st-sect-38-30-113.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "C.R.S. § 38-30-113 — statutory deed forms require only the grantor's signature; acknowledgment 'may' be taken per §§ 38-35-101 / 24-21-515; no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "2",
      "cite": "Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47-5",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_821.htm",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47-5(a)(4) — all conveyances of land must be 'attested to by two witnesses with their own hands'; the acknowledging officer (notary) may serve as one of the two witnesses (recognized practice; statute is silent), and witnesses must be disinterested"
    },
    {
      "state": "Delaware",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "25 Del. C. §§ 121–122",
      "sourceUrl": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/title25/c001/sc02/index.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "25 Del. C. §§ 121–122 — validity turns on the deed being signed and sealed by the grantor and duly acknowledged (§ 121(b): a deed 'duly executed and acknowledged' passes title); the § 121(a) form shows 'Sealed and Delivered in the Presence of' witness lines, but no section requires witnesses, and secondaries agree the notary may fill that role — 0 witnesses besides the notary"
    },
    {
      "state": "District of Columbia",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "D.C. Code § 42-401",
      "sourceUrl": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/42-401",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "D.C. Code § 42-401 — a deed must be 'executed and acknowledged and certified' as provided; no witness requirement (secondary sources confirm notary acknowledgment alone)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Florida",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "2",
      "cite": "Fla. Stat. § 689.01",
      "sourceUrl": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0600-0699/0689/Sections/0689.01.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Fla. Stat. § 689.01 — conveyance of an estate of freehold must be signed in the presence of two subscribing witnesses (remote/electronic witnessing authorized; witnesses not required for leases); witnesses attest the GRANTOR's signature; it is commonly accepted that the notary may double as one of the two witnesses"
    },
    {
      "state": "Georgia",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "1",
      "cite": "O.C.G.A. § 44-5-30",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-44-property/ga-code-sect-44-5-30.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "O.C.G.A. § 44-5-30 — a deed must be an original, in writing, signed by the maker, 'attested by an officer as provided in Code Section 44-2-15' (judge, magistrate, notary public, or clerk/deputy clerk of superior court) 'and attested by one other witness' — i.e., 1 unofficial witness in addition to the official witness (notary)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Hawaii",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "HRS § 502-41",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/hi/division-3-property-family/hi-rev-st-sect-502-41.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "HRS § 502-41 — recording requires an acknowledgment endorsed/attached to the instrument; no witness requirement for deeds"
    },
    {
      "state": "Idaho",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Idaho Code § 55-601",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/id/title-55-property-in-general/id-st-sect-55-601.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Idaho Code § 55-601 — conveyance is made by a written instrument 'subscribed by the party disposing of the same' (or written-authorized agent); the grantee's name and complete mailing address must appear; no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Illinois",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "765 ILCS 5/10; 765 ILCS 5/20",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-765-property/il-st-sect-765-5-10/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "765 ILCS 5/10, 5/20 (Conveyances Act — signature + acknowledgment only; no witness requirement anywhere in the Act)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Indiana",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Ind. Code §§ 32-21-1-13, 32-21-1-15, 32-21-2-3",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-32-property/in-code-sect-32-21-1-15/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Ind. Code § 32-21-1-13 (conveyance must be in writing, signed by the grantor, and have an acknowledgment or proof under IC 32-21-2 — no witnesses)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Iowa",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Iowa Code §§ 558.19, 558.42",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/558.pdf",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Iowa Code §§ 558.19, 558.42 (chapter 558 imposes no witness requirement; only acknowledgment under ch. 9B)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Kansas",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "K.S.A. 58-2209; K.S.A. 58-2221",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch58/058_022_0004.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "K.S.A. 58-2209 (deed 'shall be subscribed by the party granting the same' and may be acknowledged per RULONA and K.S.A. 58-2216 — no witness requirement)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Kentucky",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "KRS 382.130; KRS 382.135",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/ky/title-xxxii-ownership-and-conveyance-of-property/ky-rev-st-sect-382-130/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "KRS 382.130 — deed is recordable on acknowledgment before the county clerk or a notary, OR alternatively on proof by two subscribing witnesses; witnesses are an alternative to notarization, not a requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "2",
      "cite": "La. Civ. Code arts. 1833, 1839, 2502",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/la/civil-code/la-civ-code-tit-iii-art-1839.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "La. Civ. Code art. 1833 — an authentic act is executed before a notary public (or other authorized officer) 'in the presence of two witnesses' and signed by each party, each witness, and each notary; printed names required beneath signatures"
    },
    {
      "state": "Maine",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "33 M.R.S. § 203",
      "sourceUrl": "https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/33/title33sec203.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "33 M.R.S. § 203 — deeds must be acknowledged before recording; no witness requirement in Maine's conveyancing statutes"
    },
    {
      "state": "Maryland",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Md. Code, Real Prop. §§ 4-101, 3-104",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/md/real-property/md-code-real-prop-sect-4-101/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Md. Code, Real Prop. § 4-101 — deed sufficient 'if executed, acknowledged, and, where required, recorded'; § 4-101(b): 'the absence of a seal or attestation does not affect the validity of the deed'"
    },
    {
      "state": "Massachusetts",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "G.L. c. 183, § 29",
      "sourceUrl": "https://law.onecle.com/massachusetts/183/29.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "G.L. c. 183, § 29 — recording requires only a certificate of acknowledgment or of proof of execution; no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Michigan",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "MCL 565.8",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/mi/chapter-565-conveyances-of-real-property/mi-comp-laws-565-8/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "MCL 565.8, as amended by 2002 PA 23 — the former witness requirement was abolished; deeds need only acknowledgment before a judge, clerk of a court of record, or notary public, with an endorsed certificate"
    },
    {
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Minn. Stat. § 507.24",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/507.24",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Minn. Stat. § 507.24, subd. 1 — instrument must be 'executed, acknowledged by the parties executing the same, and the acknowledgment certified'; no witnesses required"
    },
    {
      "state": "Mississippi",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Miss. Code § 89-3-1",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/ms/title-89-real-and-personal-property/ms-code-sect-89-3-1/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Miss. Code § 89-3-1 — a document may be recorded 'if it is acknowledged or proved according to law'; proof by subscribing witness is an alternative to acknowledgment, not a requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Missouri",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "RSMo §§ 442.130, 442.380",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/mo/title-xxix-ownership-and-conveyance-of-property/mo-rev-st-442-380/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "RSMo § 442.130.1 — deeds 'shall be subscribed by the party granting the same, or by his lawful agent, and shall be acknowledged or proved and certified'; no witness requirement"
    },
    {
      "state": "Montana",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "MCA 70-20-101",
      "sourceUrl": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0700/chapter_0200/part_0010/section_0010/0700-0200-0010-0010.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "MCA 70-20-101"
    },
    {
      "state": "Nebraska",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-211",
      "sourceUrl": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=76-211",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-211"
    },
    {
      "state": "Nevada",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "NRS 111.105",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-111.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "NRS 111.105"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "NH RSA 477:3",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/xlviii/477/477-3.htm",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "NH RSA 477:3"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Jersey",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "N.J.S.A. 46:26A-3",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/nj/title-46-property/nj-st-sect-46-26a-3/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "N.J.S.A. 46:26A-3"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Mexico",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "NMSA 1978, § 14-8-4",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/nm/chapter-14-records-rules-legal-notices-oaths/nm-st-sect-14-8-4/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "NMSA 1978, § 14-8-4"
    },
    {
      "state": "New York",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "NY Real Property Law § 291",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/RPP/291",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "NY Real Property Law § 291"
    },
    {
      "state": "North Carolina",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47-14",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_47/GS_47-14.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47-14(a)"
    },
    {
      "state": "North Dakota",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "N.D.C.C. § 47-10-01",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t47c10.pdf",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "N.D.C.C. § 47-10-01"
    },
    {
      "state": "Ohio",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Ohio Rev. Code § 5301.01",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-5301.01",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Ohio Rev. Code § 5301.01(A)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Oklahoma",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "16 O.S. § 4",
      "sourceUrl": "https://oksenate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/os16.pdf",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "16 O.S. § 4(A)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Oregon",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "ORS 93.410",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors093.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "ORS 93.410"
    },
    {
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "21 P.S. § 42",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-21-ps-deeds-and-mortgages/pa-st-sect-21-42/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "21 P.S. § 42"
    },
    {
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "R.I. Gen. Laws § 34-11-1",
      "sourceUrl": "http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE34/34-11/34-11-1.htm",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "R.I. Gen. Laws § 34-11-1"
    },
    {
      "state": "South Carolina",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "2",
      "cite": "S.C. Code §§ 27-7-10, 30-5-30",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t30c005.php",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "S.C. Code § 27-7-10 (deed 'executed in the presence of and subscribed by two or more credible witnesses'); recording prerequisites S.C. Code § 30-5-30"
    },
    {
      "state": "South Dakota",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "SDCL 43-25-26",
      "sourceUrl": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/43-25-26",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "SDCL 43-25-26 — acknowledgment is the standard; proof by a subscribing witness is only an ALTERNATIVE when the grant 'is not duly acknowledged'"
    },
    {
      "state": "Tennessee",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-22-101",
      "sourceUrl": "https://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-66-property/tn-code-sect-66-22-101/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-22-101(a) — signature must be 'either acknowledged according to law OR proved by at least two (2) subscribing witnesses' (witnesses only an alternative to notarization)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Texas",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Tex. Prop. Code § 12.001; § 5.021 (conveyance must be in writing, subscribed and delivered); § 13.006 (quitclaim/BFP rule)",
      "sourceUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/2025/https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/PR/htm/PR.12.htm",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Tex. Prop. Code § 12.001(b) — deed must be 'signed and acknowledged or sworn to by the grantor in the presence of two or more credible subscribing witnesses OR acknowledged or sworn to before... an officer authorized to take acknowledgments' (witnesses are only the alternative to notarization)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Utah",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Utah Code §§ 57-1-13, 57-3-101",
      "sourceUrl": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title57/Chapter1/57-1-S13.html",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Utah Code § 57-3-101 — only a notarial certificate (acknowledgment, proof of execution, or jurat) is required to entitle a document to record; no witness requirement in Title 57"
    },
    {
      "state": "Vermont",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "27 V.S.A. § 341",
      "sourceUrl": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/27/005/00341",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "27 V.S.A. § 341(a) — signed by the grantor and acknowledged before a notary public; the witness requirement was deleted by 2003, No. 150 (Adj. Sess.), § 5, effective July 1, 2004 (applied retroactively per VT title standards)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Virginia",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Va. Code §§ 55.1-600, 55.1-612",
      "sourceUrl": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title55.1/section55.1-600/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Va. Code § 55.1-600 — writing is recorded 'when it shall have been acknowledged by him, or proved by two witnesses' (two witnesses only an alternative to acknowledgment)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Washington",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "RCW 64.04.020",
      "sourceUrl": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=64.04.020",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "RCW 64.04.020 — 'Every deed shall be in writing, signed by the party bound thereby, and acknowledged'; no witnesses required"
    },
    {
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "W. Va. Code § 39-1-2",
      "sourceUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/2025/https://code.wvlegislature.gov/39-1-2/",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "W. Va. Code § 39-1-2(a) — recorded 'when it shall have been acknowledged by such person or proved by two witnesses' (two witnesses only an alternative to acknowledgment)"
    },
    {
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Wis. Stat. § 706.02",
      "sourceUrl": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/706/02",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Wis. Stat. § 706.02(1) — a conveyance is valid if it identifies the parties, land and interest, is signed by the grantors (and both spouses for a homestead), and is delivered; no witnesses, and acknowledgment is NOT required for validity"
    },
    {
      "state": "Wyoming",
      "rule": "deed_witnesses_besides_notary",
      "value": "0",
      "cite": "Wyo. Stat. § 34-1-113",
      "sourceUrl": "https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title34.pdf",
      "asOf": "2026",
      "note": "Wyo. Stat. § 34-1-113 — execution 'shall be acknowledged by the party or parties executing same, before any notarial officer'; no witness requirement"
    }
  ]
}